Direct vs Indirect Characterization: What’s the Difference

• Jan 21, 2026
• 5 min read

• Tags: Character, Fiction Writing, Writers

Characterization is how a writer reveals who a character truly is. When comparing direct vs indirect characterization, the key difference lies in telling versus showing.

Some writers openly describe a character’s traits. Others let readers figure them out through actions, dialogue, and behavior. Both techniques are powerful, and understanding when and how to use each can dramatically improve your storytelling.

In this guide, you’ll learn what is direct and indirect characterization, how they differ, clear examples, and practical tips to use both effectively.

What is direct characterization?

Direct characterization is when the author explicitly tells the reader what a character is like. The writer states the character’s traits outright through narration or another character’s description.

 Examples of direct characterization

Riya was extremely selfish and never helped anyone.

He was a brave soldier who never backed down from danger.

Here, the reader doesn’t need to interpret anything. The traits are clearly stated.

When writers use direct characterization

• Introducing a character quickly
• Children’s or beginner fiction
• Fast-paced scenes where clarity matters

What is indirect characterization?

Indirect characterization reveals a character through their actions, words, thoughts, and reactions, rather than stating traits directly. The reader infers character traits based on evidence in the story.

Examples of indirect characterization

Riya hid the extra food in her bag and ignored the hungry child beside her.

He stepped forward when everyone else ran away.

The STEAL method (easy tool)

Writers often use STEAL to remember indirect characterization:

• Speech – what the character says
• Thoughts – inner feelings or beliefs
• Effect – how others react to them
• Actions – what they do
• Looks – appearance or body language

Why writers prefer indirect characterization

• Makes stories immersive
• Engages readers emotionally
• Feels realistic and natural

Direct vs indirect characterization: key differences

So what is the difference between direct and indirect characterization?

The difference between direct and indirect characterization lies in how information is delivered.

• Direct characterization states facts about a character.
• Indirect characterization allows readers to discover those facts themselves.

Good writing usually blends both telling when necessary and showing when it matters most.

Direct and indirect characterization examples (side-by-side)

Direct characterization example:

“Arjun was impatient and rude.”

Indirect characterization example:

Arjun tapped his foot, cut people off mid-sentence, and rolled his eyes when they spoke.

Same trait, different impact.

Practical writing tips (how to use both)

Use direct characterization when:

• Introducing a minor character
• Writing summaries or fast transitions
• Targeting younger readers

 Use indirect characterization when:

• Showing emotional change
• Writing dramatic or intense scenes
• Developing main characters

Answer: She stayed late to help a stranger fix their broken bike.

Understanding direct vs indirect characterization is essential for writing characters that feel real, memorable, and emotionally engaging. When balanced well, these techniques work together to create layered storytelling that holds a reader’s attention from start to finish.

If you’re struggling to decide where to tell and where to show, a professional editorial eye can make a huge difference. PaperTrue’s book editing services help writers refine characterization, strengthen narrative voice, and ensure consistency across the manuscript. With expert feedback and line-by-line editing, PaperTrue helps transform good characters into compelling, publication-ready ones.

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Tanvi

With a foundation in Life Sciences, Tanvi enjoys curating technical writing tips tailored for ESL students. When she's not translating complex concepts into bite-sized nuggets, she can be found playing with dogs or painting landscapes.